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Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease is defined as medical conditions affecting the cardiovascular system, including heart, blood vessels(arteries and veins).
Beside cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease.
There are many causes of heart diseases. Most of heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage or anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart can be defined as a risk of heart disease.
Ischemic heart disease
Ischemic heart disease is defined as a condition of reduced blood supply of the heart muscle, as a result of coronary artery disease caused by plague building up in the arteries.
The Treatments
Cardiovascular disease is defined as medical conditions affecting the cardiovascular system, including heart, blood vessels(arteries and veins).
Beside cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease.
There are many causes of heart diseases. Most of heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage or anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart can be defined as a risk of heart disease.
Ischemic heart disease
Ischemic heart disease is defined as a condition of reduced blood supply of the heart muscle, as a result of coronary artery disease caused by plague building up in the arteries.
The Treatments
In conventional medicine perspective
1. Medical treatments
1. 1. Nitroglycerin
a. Nitroglycerin is used to treat ischemic cardiac pain. and improve blood flow to the heart. Transdermal nitrate delivery systems improve the quality of life in ambulant patients: anginal attacks are reduced with a minimum of side effects. The widespread acceptance of this novel form of drug delivery has stimulated its application in other therapeutic avenues. The efficacy of transdermal nitroglycerinin the suppression of silent ischemic attacks has been demonstrated(60)
b. Side effects are not limit to
b.1. Dizziness
b.2. Lightheadedness, or fainting when sitting up or standing
b.3. Flushing of face and neck
b.4. Headache
b.5. Irritation
b.6. Nausea
b.7. Vomiting
b.8. Etc.
1.2. Beta-blockers
a. Beta blocker has been used to lower heart rate, blood pressure, and enhance oxygen to the heart. In the study of The 248 cases presented with new coronary heart disease from 1982 through 1984, and the 737 controls were a probability sample of health maintenance organization patients free of coronary heart disease. A withdrawal syndrome immediately following the cessation of beta-blocker use may be an acute precipitant of angina and myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients who have no prior history of coronary heart disease(61).
b. Side effects are not limit to
b.1. the medicine can cause allergic reaction to certain people, such as: rash, itching, swelling, dizziness, trouble breathing.
b.2. Easy bruising or bleeding,
b.3. Swollen hands or feet,
b.4. Confusion,
b.5. Depression
b.6. Etc.
1.3. Calcium channel blockers
a. The medicine used to relax arteries, lower blood pressure, and reduce strain on the heart. Researchers suggested that Compared with clopidogrel without calcium-channel blockers (CCBs), clopidogrel with CCB does not increase the mortality or composite thromboembolic events in elderly CAD patients, but clopidogrel combined with nondihydropyridine CCB is associated with significantly increased composite thromboembolic events in comparison with dihydropyridine CCB(62).
b. Side effects are not limit to
b.1. Stomach pain
b.2. Constipation
b.3. Drowsiness
b.4. Fatigue Feelings of a rapidly or forcefully beating heart (palpitations)
b.5. Flushing or hot flashes
b.6. Headaches
b.7. Nausea
b.8. Etc.
1.4. Statins
a. The medicine used to lower cholesterol. Dr. Biasucci LM, and the scientists at the Sacro Cuore University, in the study ofStatins and coronary artery disease:clinical evidence and future perspective said
"The introduction of more powerful statins in the market offered the opportunity to study whether an intensive lipid lowering treatment could yields even better cardiovascular outcomes than a moderate statin therapy and several clinical trial confirmed this hypothesis. Statins have also pleiotropic effect behind their lipid lowering function: they reduce inflammation, which plays an important role in the atherosclerotic process"(63).
b. Side effects are limit to
b.1. Headache
b.2. Nausea
b.3. Vomiting
b.4. Constipation
b.5. Diarrhea
b.6. Weakness
b.7. Muscle pain
b.8. Etc.
1.5. Aspirin
a. Many researchers believe that daily intake aspirin can reduce the risk of blood clots from forming in your arteries. In the study to determine the cardiovascular and coronary risk thresholds at which aspirin for primary prevention of coronary heart disease is safe and worthwhile, Dr. Sanmuganathan PS and the research team at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital, indicated that Aspirin treatment for primary prevention is safe and worthwhile at coronary event risk >/= 1.5%/year; safe but of limited value at coronary risk 1%/year; and unsafe at coronary event risk 0.5%/year. Advice on aspirin for primary prevention requires formal accurate estimation of absolute coronary event risk(64).
b. Side effects are not limit to
b.1. Stomach pains
b.2. Feelings of nausea
b.3. Vomiting.
b.4. Allergic reaction to some people
b.5. Aspirin may interact with other medicine, such as blood thinning medicine
b.6. Etc.
2. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI )
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI ) is one therapeutic treatment used to treat the narrowed coronary arteries of the heart found in coronary heart disease and Ischemic heart disease.
In study of a total of 282 patients (74.1% females) with mean age of 57.0±3.2 years were studied. Most of the patients (89.7%) underwent elective PCI. Angiographic and procedure success rates were 95.7% and 94.6%, respectively. In-hospital MACE included two cases of death (0.7%) and one MI (0.3%); 2/29 (6.9%) of the emergent PCI and 1/253 (0.4%) of the elective PCI cases. MACE during follow-up included three cases of death (1.0%) and two MI (0.7%); 2/252 (0.8%) of the elective PCI and 1/28 (3.5%) of the emergent PCI cases. The overall MACE was calculated as 8 cases (2.8%) which included 5/29 (17.2%) of the emergent and 3/253 (1.1%) of the elective cases; P<0.001, concluded that PCI is performed with an acceptable success rate in our center in Isfahan and mortality and complications are within the range reported by other highly specialized centers in IRAN. Further studies with larger sample size are needed to find predictive factors(65).
3. Coronary revascularisation
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a surgical procedure performed to reduce the risk of death from coronary artery disease by bypass atherosclerotic narrowings as arteries or veins from elsewhere in the patient's body are grafted to the coronary arteries to improve the blood supply to the heart muscle. some researchers suggested that transthoracic echocardiography(TEE) prior to coronary artery bypass surgery can provides higher resolution images than transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Therefore one can conclude that TEE is the imaging modality of choice for detecting aortic atheromatous plaques but in patients with low risk for stroke and aortic atheromas, a detailed TTE may be sufficient for the pre-operative assessment(66).
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Sources
(61) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1968518
(62) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22543122
(63) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22495163
(64) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11179262
(65) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22577441
(66) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22614701
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